Computer Technology: Ethical Issues and Codes Essay

Computer and networking tools provide considerable potential and capability principally as a means for communication, cooperation, and as delivery intervention. Internet users, for instance, benefit from the independence of carrying out various transactions, as well as counseling, through the Net. With this liberty, though, comes a significant accountability to utilize computers and the Internet especially, in a way which is secure, safe, ethical, and makes contribution to the general welfare of those involved. Counselors should commit themselves to knowing and being aware of the risks involved in utilizing computers and employing the internet superhighway. Sabella, R. A. (1999) noted what the computer and Internet technologies have generated relative to counseling issues: addiction of the internet, accessibility, pornography, sexual harassment online, safety, and security. With growing responsiveness, counselors can be more effective in making decisions regarding their behavior and computing online. One crucial issue of ethical computer utilization is the matter of confidentiality. The relationship of counselor and client is confidential and involves conformity with ethical standards, policies and laws relating to confidentiality. In Computer, ethics, and the school counselor (1988), Mudore presented a number of recommendations for counselors for safeguarding the privacy of records and making sure that the information is only accessed by authorized persons. These recommendations include: keeping the computer in a private area in order that student information can be keyed in confidentially; putting counseling records relating to student information on a backup storage disk; marking counseling disks in code instead of marking them â€Å"Student Information or Student Data;† protecting unauthorized copying of disks by detaching disk tabs, securing up disks, and not permitting disks to be taken out from their storage location; encoding a password before a computer can be opened to prevent unauthorized access on the hard drive; talking to other staff to convey concerns regarding privacy; and informing the school community regarding the challenges and issues generated by computer technology. It was also recommended by Sampson and Pyle (1983) that: only vital and essential information are kept; the information is accurate; the data are destroyed when these are no longer necessary to provide services; separate identifiable data is not maintained to which there is computer network access; and, separate identifiable information is not utilized for research reasons without the permission and approval of those who provided the information. Word processing programs and database programs are nowadays equipped with the ability to provide a file password. The benefit to these software programs is that if there is a password assign to the file, the file is encrypted in code and made it unreadable. Even though there is a possibility of cracking or hacking the code, it would take considerably broad programming knowledge in computer and access to the encrypted files. The disadvantage of employing this security aspect is that if the assigned password is forgotten by the counselor, then it is also pose a difficulty for the counselor to retrieve and access the file. It is, therefore, essential to write down passwords and accordingly put them in secure and safe access. It is likewise necessary to change passwords at regular intervals to further prevent infringement of confidentiality in the occasion a data file is stolen or unauthorized access. Passwords, on the other hand, should not be created by employing such characters as names, adjectives or birthdays that are quite obvious and easily deciphered. Passwords should be created using a combination of numbers and letters that are quite difficult if not impossible to decode and crack. Even though security measures and encryption have highly become sophisticated, illegal and unpermitted access to online communications continues to be a possibility without greater attention to security methods. Counselors who effectively practice online must not only legally protect but ethically safeguard their clients, themselves and their profession by employing all available and necessary security procedures. Other likely issues in using computer technology include: Competency. The counselor and the client should be sufficiently computer literate for the network environment to become a workable interactive counseling medium; Specific Locations. A possible lack of comprehension on the part of remote counselors of conditions, cultural issues, and events relating to specific locations that influence clients may limit credibility of a counselor or may lead to unsuitable interventions in counseling; Equitable Access. Does the price of online access present another impediment for getting hold of counseling? Does online counseling alienate further prospective clients who most possibly need counseling? Though having access to the Net, can a client proficiently engage online counseling without having a computer experience? Online counseling appears to aggravate equitable issues already dealing face to face counseling. Credential. How will licensing laws and certification apply to the World Wide Web as state borders are electronically crossed over? Will counselors be needed to be licensed and certified in all states or countries where the clients are situated? Will online counseling really be the thrust for a national credential acknowledged by all states? Is there a necessity to move for worldwide credentialing? Who will supervise international or out of state complaints? Cyber Care. Can counselors promote the advancement of real working relationships, caring and trusting on the Net? Cyber Client identity. Do you really know your online client? Does the client show himself or herself as an adult but in fact is a minor? Could the client have disguised his or her race, gender, or other personal information that could jeopardize the soundness or reliability of the counselor’s efforts? Counselors can make the plunge into cyberworld and apply present ethical standards and guidelines to carry out themselves in an ethical manner. Issues exist however but certainly the future will provide a platform in what signifies to be ethical as the precise nature of online counseling is learned.

Literary genres Essay

lit ·er ·a ·ture (ltr–chr, -chr) noun. 1. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value:†Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity† (Rebecca West). 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field:medical literature. 5. Printed material: collected all the available literature on the subject. 6. Music All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble: the symphonic literature. 1.  written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest 2. the body of written work of a particular culture or people Scandinavian literature 3. written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular subject scientific literature the literature of the violin 4. printed material giving a particular type of information sales literature 5. the art or profession of a writer 6. Obsolete learning 1. writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence. 2. the entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. 3. the writings dealing with a particular subject. 4. the profession of a writer or author. 5. literary work or production. 6. any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. 7. Archaic. literary culture; appreciation of letters and books. | literature – the humanistic study of a body of literature; â€Å"he took a course in Russian lit. literary study – the humanistic study of literatureliterature – creative writing of recognized artistic value| | | literature – published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; â€Å"the technical literature†; â€Å"one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature†piece of writing, written material, writing – the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect); â€Å"the writing in her novels is excellent†; â€Å"that editorial was a fine piece of writing†literature – creative writing of recognized artistic valuehistoriography – a body of historical literature| | | literature – the profession or art of a writer; â€Å"her place in literature is secure†profession – an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)literature – creative writing of recognized artistic valueTypes of Literature: Fictional Literature Drama: Drama is the theatrical dialog performed on stage, it consists of 5 acts. Tragedy, comedy and melodrama are the sub types of drama. e. g William Shakespeare, an Elizabethan dramatist composed the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear that are famous because of its combination of tragedy and comedy. Problem play, farce, fantasy, monologue and comedy of manners are some kinds of drama. Tragedy: It is a story of the major character who faces bad luck. Tragedy, elements of horrors and struggle usually concludes with the death of a person. The Illiad and The Odyssey by Homer are the two famous Greek tragedies. Comedy: The lead character overcomes the conflicts and overall look of the comedy is full of laughter and the issues are handled very lightly. The elements used in the comedy are romanticism, exaggeration, surprises and a comic view of life. Melodrama: Melodrama is a blend of two nouns – ‘melody’ and ‘drama’. It is a musical play most popular by 1840. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is one of the most popular plays describing cruelty of labor life. It has happy ending like comedy. Tragicomedy: The play that begins with serious mode but has a happy ending is tragicomedy. Prose Literature History, journalism, philosophy, fiction and fantasy writings, scientific writings, children’s literature authors and writers are included in Prose Literature. Myth Myths are the fairy tales with lots of adventure, magic and it lacks scientific proof. Nursery rhymes, songs and lullabies are forms of myths that strike the interest of children. Creative and nature myth are stories of the stars and moon. Magic tales are wonderful tales of quests and fantasy. Hero myths are ideal heroes of adventure. Short story  The small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, smaller than a novel is known as short story. Short stories are well-grouped that followed the sequence of easy and no complexity in beginning, concrete theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution. They are oral and short-lived which have gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay and legend. Novel Novel can be based on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, romantic or political story divided into many parts. The major kinds of novels are: Allegory: The symbolic story revolves around two meanings. What the writer says directly is totally different from the conveyed meanings at the end. Political and Historical allegory are two forms of Allegory. Comedy: Satire is very common form in comedy novels and tries to focus on the facts of the society and their desires. Epistolary: The collection of letters or mails is the epistolary novels. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrew are the few examples of Epistolary novels. Feminist: These types of novels are written by women writers around the world to describe the place of women in a male dominated society. E. g Virginia Woolf’s â€Å"A Room of one’s Own†. Gothic: Gothic fiction is the combination of both horror and romance. Melodrama and parody were grouped in the Gothic literature in its early stages. Ironic: Ironic novels are known for excessive use of narrative technique. It is satire on the contemporary society about cultural, social and political issues. Realism: The realistic novels are based on the truths of ordinary society and their problems. It focuses on the plot, structure and the characters of the novel. Romance: Love and relationship topics are handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It originated in western countries; basically the story revolves around love affairs of main characters. Some popular sub categories of romantic novels are paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and inspirational romance. Narration: In narrative style, writer becomes the third person who narrates whole story around the characters. Naturalism: Naturalism is based on the theory of Darwin. Picaresque: It is opposite to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that refuse the so-called prejudices of the society. Psychological: It’s the psychological prospective of mind with a resolution. Satire: Satirical novels criticize the contemporary society. The most famous novels are Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim (1954), George Orwell’s Animal Farm and Randell Jarrell’s Pictures from an Institution (1954). Stream of Consciousness: James Joyce’s stream of consciousness is all about the thought coming up in the minds of the readers. A novel also constitutes categories on social and political aspects like proletarian, psychological, protest novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, allegorical novel, novel of engagement, naturalistic novel, Marxist novel, radical novel, revolutionary novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and speculative novel. Folk Tale Folk Tales are traditional stories that have been creating interest since ancient times. The children and old persons like religious story, magic and superstition as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, trickster and proverbs are the sub categories of folk tales. Mythology or legend is the ancient religious stories of origin and human civilization such as story of Robin Hood. Types of poetry Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in the tranquility. Greek poetry is found in free verse and we have rhymes in the Persian poem. Are you wondering how to write a poem, here are the followings forms of poem? Sonnet: Sonnet is the short poem of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearean and Italian sonnets. Ballad: The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. Elegy: This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Elegy Written in Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is one of the famous poems marked as sad poems of the ages. Ode: Ode is the formal and long poem serious in nature. Allegory: Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the literal meaning and another is the deep meaning. Epic and Mock epic: Epics are the narrative poems that convey moral and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the largest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great mock epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl. Lyric: It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Lyrics are most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. Nonfiction Literature: Nonfiction Literature is opposite to fiction as it is informative and comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. Main types of Non- fiction literature Autobiography and Biography An autobiography is the story of the author’s own life. ‘Family Life at the White House’ by Bill Clinton is focused on his life and achievements. ‘Wings of fire’ by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler are the autobiography books on real life. Essay Generally the authors’ point of view about any particular topic in a detailed way is an essay. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject; therefore they are descriptive, lengthy, subject oriented and comparative. Different types of essay: Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process essay, persuasive essay, argumentative essay, critical essay type, interview essay, reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay, application essay, compare and contrast essay and narrative essay type. Literary criticism It is the critical study of a piece of literature. Here critics apply different theories, evaluation, discussion and explanation to the text or an essay to give total judgments. Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, Saussure and Frye are some of the famous critics. Travel literature It is the narration of any tour or foreign journey with the description of the events, dates, places, sights and author’s views. Francis Bacon’s natural philosophies in the middle of Seventeenth century is one famous example of travel literature. Diary Diaries are the incidents recorded by the author without any means of publishing them. It is the rough work of one’s daily routine, happenings, memorable days or events in their life. E. g. Anne Frank’s ‘Diary of a Young Girl’ was published by her father in 1940s; it’s a story of a girl trapped during German invade Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, newsletters, weather listing. In today’s world of Internet, writers write in blogs, forums, polls and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This also is a form of diary writing. Some profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, dream and death diaries. Journal Journal is one of types of diaries that records infinite information. They are of following types: Personal: It is for personal analysis. In this journal one can write his goal, daily thoughts, events and situations. Academic: It is for students who do research or dissertation on particular subjects. Creative journals: Creative journals are the imaginative writing of a story, poem or narrative. Trade: Trade journals are used by industrial purposes where they dictate practical information. Dialectical: This journal is use by students to write on double column notebook. They can write facts, experiments, and observation on the left side and right side can be a series of thoughts and response with an end. Newspaper It is a collection of daily or weekly news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. Magazine Magazines can be the current affairs or opinions well collected covering various content. Frame Narrative The psychoanalysis of human mind is present in a frame narrative. Here we find another story within the main story. Some of the popular narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The Flying Horse, The Three Pigs, A Time to keep and the Tasha Tudor Book of Holidays. Outdoor literature Outdoor literature is the literature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event. Exciting moments of life such as horse riding, fishing, trekking can be a part of literature. Some outdoor books are ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’ by Mark Twain, ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis, ‘Voyages’ by Richard Hakluyt and ‘A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush’ by Eric Newby. Narrative form of Literature Today we find movies, audio and video CD’s and Cassettes that present current literature in use. Digital poetry is an upcoming trend too. Comic books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the learning methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isn’t it? Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/types-of-literature. html|

Elijah of Buxton - 1531 Words

ELIJAH OF BUXTON WRITTEN BY: CHRISTOPHER PAUL CURTIS Elijah is the first generation of free-born members of his family. Escaping the oppression of the pre-Emancipation Proclamation and pre-Civil War torn United States, Elijah s family escaped to an established free-black community in Canada. The book focuses on events in Elijah s life - attending school, doing chores, fishing, and playing with his friends. Elijah experiences growing up free in a settlement of former and escaped slaves and he is just beginning to understand what that means when the local preacher steals money that is being saved to purchase the freedom of others trapped in the U.S. Elijah embarks on a mission to return the funds to their rightful owners and†¦show more content†¦He encourages readers to visit this location, with its hidden Liberty bell (that was enclosed in a bell tower when the Buxton church was sold) and it history and to open a discussion about these events. If I ever get the chance, I believe I will visit Buxton and see history come to lif e!As a first-generation freeborn black, 11-year-old Elijah Buxton had no direct experience with slavery. That changes, however, when a thief steals money set aside for freeing a friend s enslaved family. Elijah sets off rapidly in pursuit, leaving behind his Canadian home and crossing into dangerous American territory, where he encounters terrifying evidence of the grievous human cost of slavery. History is made palpable in this novel by Newbery Medal winner Christopher Paul Curtis.Floating up like a bubble through layers of history, buoyed with hope and comic energy†¦Elijah of Buxton tells the story of Elijah Freeman, the first freeborn child in the historic Elgin Settlement, a village of escaped slaves in Canada†¦As in his previous novels, Curtis is a master at balancing the serious and the lighthearted: as Langston Hughes said of the blues, not softened with tears, but hardened with laughter. He has already received a Newbery medal and an honor for two novels rooted in the experience of black Americans: The Watsons Go to Birmingham--1963 and Bud, Not Buddy. His latest book is another natural award candidate and makes an excellent case, in a

The Most Influential Moments Of The First World War

Introduction The First World War was one of the most influential moments of the twentieth century where literate soldiers fought in inhuman conditions and reacted to their surroundings through written words, most often poetry. Jessie Pope and Wilfred Owen were made famous by the poetry they wrote, about describing various war experiences. Both poets wrote from completely different perspectives of war. Jessie Pope born in Leicester (England) in 1868 was an English poet, writer and journalist who remains best known for her patriotic and motivational poems written before the first world war. These poems captured the jingoistic opinion of her culture, which was that war was full of glory that any young man could earn if only he had the courage. Pope s poetry including Whose up For the Game was originally published in The Daily Mail; it encouraged enlistment in the war and handed a white feather to youths who would not join. Since Pope was a woman, she was never subjected to the harsh reality of wa r. This resulted in her poetry fading into obscurity after poets like Wilfred Owen returned with works that captured the true essence of war which were pretty much the opposite of Pope’s view. Wilfred Owen could be arguably tho most famous war poet who ever lived. This is due to his shockingly and realistic poetry that captured the horrors of trench and gas warfare. Owen was an English poet born in 1893 at Plas Wilmont, he was later killed in action in November 1918. Owen wasAs aShow MoreRelatedThe World War And The End Of The Cold War1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Second World War and the end of the Cold War, both of which are significant turning points in the history of the First World War and have influenced the emergence of memories on the Christmas truce. 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One year after college, he startedRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1708 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of the female Beat writers as a whole, but today I find it important to focus on one who is still writing, still performing, and still inspiring today; Anne Waldman. Anne Waldman was born April 2, 1945 in a small town in New Jersey. She spent most of her time in New York’s Greenwich Village, a neighborhood known as an artist’s haven. Her parents supported her artistic desires, their own literary interests helped inspire her. In the 1960’s she started to become heavily involved with the EastRead MoreKhrushchev s Influence On America1543 Words   |  7 Pagesleader of another nation, he exerted the greatest influence on America during the time period. Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964 and the Soviet Premier from 1958-1964, rose to power in the chaos after Stalin’s death. During his time as leader, Khrushchev took part in many events that defined the climate of the Cold War. In the Berlin Crisis, where a significant number of people were leaving East Berlin for West Berlin, Khrushchev playedRead MoreThroughout the 20th century there were many influential pie ces of literature that would not only1200 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the 20th century there were many influential pieces of literature that would not only tell a story or teach a lesson, but also let the reader into the author’s world. Allowing the reader to view both the positives and negatives in an author. Ernest Hemingway was one of these influential authors. 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Alcohol And Teens Should The U.s. Lower Or Rise It s...

Alcohol and Teens: Should the U.S. Lower or Rise It’s Drinking Age? Alcohol is a depressant. It slows down the activity of the central nervous system, including the brain. A debate amongst our nation has been â€Å"Should the minimum drinking age be lower than 21?† I personally do not think so. Even though at age 18 you are technically an adult and responsible for your own actions, I do not think the legal alcohol consumption age should be lowered because it causes health risks, bad decisions, and endangers others. First and foremost, I do not think the legal alcohol consumption age should be risen because it causes health risks. As a person, you should always be concerned about your health. Alcohol usage can weaken your immune system, making your body a target for bacteria and viruses. According to ProCon, long term drinkers are more liable to contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too much. Heavy drinking takes a toll on the liver, and can lead to liver inflammations including: Steatosis, or fatty liver Alcoholic hepatitis Fibrosis Cirrhosis (Mayo Clinic.org). Also, intoxication is associated with suicide attempts. Positive alcohol levels are found in people who fully accomplish suicide. Alcohol is involved over a quarter of all suicides in the US (MCES ). How? Well, alcohol increases impulsivity and decreases inhibition. It increases bad self-image and lowers self-esteem and deepens depression. (MCES). Therefore, when I personShow MoreRelatedNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. 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This law has proved itself by saving many lives and overall just having a positive outcome in the community. People say that no matter what the age limit is kids will still drink? I completely disagree, believe it or not there’s endless ways in which it can be prevented while the drinking age remains 21. Parents make a big difference and can prevent this from happening and I have to agree 100% that the drinking age has saved hundreds ofRead MoreAlcohol And Substance Abuse And The National Minimum Drinking Age Act2083 Words   |  9 PagesSince alcohol and substance abuse have come into play, along with health issues, and emotional issues in peoples lives, questions started to arise. One being the legal age to start drinking alcohol. The national minimum drinki ng age act was signed on July 17th, 1984 to the law, with the drinking age at minimum being 21 (Archer M.D.). An adult is any person who’s reached the age of maturity as directed by law (Archer M.D.). Legally, being 18 years old in the U.S. is considered to be the adult age, butRead MoreAlcohol Is Dangerous And Why The Youth2597 Words   |  11 PagesJust because alcohol is legal for those over twenty-one years of age, does not mean it is safe, or any less harmful than other substances.† Nemours Foundation found that teens that drank alcohol regularly were more than likely to have problems in school, try other drugs, and participate in delinquent behaviors such as stealing or vandalism† (Escherick). Later on in life, it recorded that they had liver disease, frontal lobe disorders, as well as short-term memory loss. These same problems are happeningRead More The Drinking Age Must not Be Lowered Essay1755 Words   |  8 PagesLawmakers should not consider lowerin g the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen. 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Alcohol is the cause of 88,000 deaths per year in the United States (CDC, 2014). The following numbers include: drunk driving, homicides with alcohol involved, and alcohol poisoning. This is a high average for the current minimum legal drinking age, and the number of deaths continues to increase each year. Alcohol fatalities are considered a preventative death in the United States, which meansRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered2353 Words   |  10 PagesDrinking Age Over the years the drinking age or the drinking laws have been questioned and changed many times. For a few years now more recently question being, should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen? Or why shouldn’t it? In the United States, binge drinking has been a big problem. Its one of the top causes for traffic tragedies as well as other health issues that come along with it, especially among college students. However since the drinking age has changed from being 18 to 21 there

Dave Matthews Band - Everyday free essay sample

Arguably the best live performing band around, The DaveMatthews Band released Everyday, their fourth studio album. Dedicatedfans had been waiting for a new CD for a while, and have stormed the recordstores since its February debut. This CD is not typical Dave MatthewsBand music. Lead singer Dave Matthews plays electric guitar on almost all thesongs instead of his usual acoustic guitar. Most people agree that the CD hasmore of a commercial and pop music sound, and the length of the songs areshorter. Although I like the CD, it is definitely not my favorite and itsdifficult to get used to the new sound. The song that has emerged as the mostpopular is I Did It, which hit stations almost two months prior tothe CDs release. The band is planning to play these new songs on their summertour. Despite the fact that its not the bands best album, you must buyEveryday if you are a Dave Matthews Band fan. We will write a custom essay sample on Dave Matthews Band Everyday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, if you areplanning on seeing them live this summer, familiarity with the CD will enhanceyour enjoyment of the concert.

Tips for Writing an Effective Research Paper

Tips for Writing an Effective Research Paper Research paper can be defined as the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, organization, source evaluation, and composition. To the â€Å"untrained eye† it might seem research papers are super easy to write. What’s difficult about that? You just Google things and write them down, right? Let me tell you something, it’s not entirely correct. Research papers aren’t just about Googling things. Due to common misconceptions about writing this type of work, I decided to give you some tips and tricks for writing effective research paper. The chances are high you will have to write this type of paper sooner or later and knowing the basics will make the complex task easier. What is and what isn’t a research paper? Okay, I’ve already mentioned a brief definition of research paper and before we move on to various tips you should follow, let’s discuss this aspect more thoroughly. Research paper is a result of several processes (mentioned above) and it’s more helpful to think of it as a living thing which grows and changes as you’re interpreting, exploring, and evaluating sources regarding certain subject. On the other hand, research paper is NOT summary of the topic, book, or an ordinary essay. It is a genre which requires great amount of investigating and evaluating. The primary goal of research paper is NOT to only inform the reader what others have to say about certain topic, but also to create unique unbiased perspective and objective approach. Types of research paper In order to write an effective research paper you have to know two its two main types. They are: Argumentative research paper – includes introduction wherein you introduce the topic along with thesis statement. The primary point of this type of work is persuasion which is why it usually requires debatable and controversial topics Analytical research paper – usually begins with the writer asking a question to which (s)he has to provide an answer. This type of work requires more exploration and evaluation of the topic. Choosing and understanding a topic It doesn’t matter whether you’re a student or write for a living, you already know the drill – sometimes you get the list of topics to write about and sometimes you have to come up with your own. Regardless of the scenario, ability to choose and understand topics is of crucial importance for success of your paper. If you get the title to write about, you should: Read it thoroughly Determine what you have to analyze and explore Create a concept Contact professor or client in case you find certain aspect of the topic confusing. In case you have to come up with title, you should: Brainstorm Think of debatable or controversial events, studies, literature works, or events from politics to base your research upon Read about current society affairs Choose to explore something you’re interested in Write down all ideas you come up with Read your list thoroughly and check for type of ideas that appear the most. Remember, when creating a title for your work; don’t think of it in terms of whether it’s going to be easy to find resources on Google. The reason is simple; research paper is fluid and you may approach to it from several different angles. Plus, thinking about Google results constantly will prevent you from fully developing your ideas. Getting started Now that you know research paper isn’t a mere summary of the info you find, types of research papers, and how to come up with your own title, you’re ready to move on to the next stage – writing your paper. Although research papers aren’t that easy to write as they require a great deal of organization, researching, and time it doesn’t mean you can’t conquer this obstacle. Here are a few tips that will help you: Analyze the title you get/create a title following tips listed above Think critically Research and find as many sources as possible making sure they are reliable While researching, write down notes in order to easily create concept later Create an outline or concept for your work from introduction to conclusion Write first draft without stopping to edit or check for grammar or spelling mistakes Once you’re done with the first draft, check your work to see whether you should add something Edit and proofread Mention references. When writing a research paper you should bear in mind that information you enter, regardless of how big or small it might be, should contribute to the overall paper i.e. it should have its purpose. It is also important to be honest. Sometimes the process of researching and investigating or developing the argument throughout your paper will lead you to a conclusion that you don’t really agree with. But, instead of coming up with conclusion that is incorrect or based on facts that aren’t there, you should be honest and complete your work with integrity. And finally, don’t rush! Research papers require more organization and evaluation than other types of work and if you get a reasonable deadline to write them, there’s no point rushing in order to finish it as soon as possible. Research papers aren’t just summaries of events, Google info, or book reports. They put you in a role of detective who has to solve a mysterious murder (or some other crime). Tips from this article showed you tips and tricks you should bear in mind when writing this type of work. Once again, don’t rush, create a structure, and opt to approach the topic from different angles.